Lactose Intolerance - Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms and Treatment.

The majority (about 70%) of the world's population suffers from lactose intolerance. Lactose intolerance leads to long-term discomfort when consuming milk and dairy products, and hence, to their avoidance. Consequently, the intake of important nutrients is reduced, which potentially has a negative impact on the overall health. Knowing the condition - lactose intolerance - will prevent people from unnecessarily restricting dairy products in their diets. In this study, lactose synthesis and catabolism in the human body are presented, also the types of lactose intolerance, as well as the methods of diagnosing this condition, are discussed. Special attention is paid to the genetic causes of this discomfort and to the tests that can be performed. Solutions for the treatment of lactose intolerance have also been proposed, both up-to-date and easily applicable, as well as future developments.

This review highlights the lactose pathway ­ from the mammary gland production to recipient gut hydrolysis.Lactose intolerance associated SNPs known so far are presented and discussed.Advice for people with lactose intolerance is presented in the form of possible treatments and healthy feeding behaviors.

Comparison of Identification and Quantification of Polyphenolic Compounds in Skins and Seeds of Four Grape Varieties.

The aim of this study was to identify and quantify polyphenolic compounds in skin extracts from four Bulgarian grape varieties and compare them to those of seed extracts. The values of total phenolic contents, flavonoids, anthocyanins, procyanidins and an ascorbic acid in grape skin extracts were determined. The antioxidant capacities of skin extracts were evaluated using four different methods. The total phenolic content of skin extracts was 2-3 times lower than those of seed extracts. The significant difference between total parameter values of individual grape varieties were also found. According to the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of skin extracts, the different grape varieties were arranged in the following order: Marselan ≥ Pinot Noir ˃ Cabernet Sauvignon ˃ Tamyanka. The individual compounds in the grape skin extracts were determined using RP-HPLC and compared with those of the seed extracts. The determined composition of skin extracts was significantly different from the seed extracts' composition. Quantitative evaluation of the procyanidins and catechins in the skins was carried out. A correlation between phenolic contents, individual compounds and antioxidant capacity of different extracts was found. The studied grape extracts have a potential to be applied as natural antioxidants in the pharmaceutical and food industries.

Antimicrobial Potential, Antioxidant Activity, and Phenolic Content of Grape Seed Extracts from Four Grape Varieties.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the total phenolic content, composition, and antioxidant and antibacterial activities of four grape seed extracts (Cabernet Sauvignon, Marselan, Pinot Noir, and Tamyanka). The total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoid, anthocyanin, procyanidin, ascorbic acid, DPPH, and ABTS antioxidant capacities of the grape seed extracts (GSEs) were determined. The extracts showed high TPC values (79.06-111.22 mg GAE/g). The individual components in the GSEs were determined using HPLC. High contents of catechin, epicatechin, and procyanidin B1 were found in the extracts. The antimicrobial activity of the obtained GSEs against Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus cereus, and Escherichia coli was evaluated using the agar diffusion test and a test to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). According to the effect on the growth of pathogens, the extracts were ranked in the following order: Pinot Noir > Marselan > Cabernet Sauvignon > Tamyanka. The tested bacteria showed high sensitivity to the extracts (MIC = 0.12-0.50 mg/mL). According to the MIC values, the bacteria were in the following order: S. aureus > B. cereus > E. coli. A correlation was found between the phenolic content of the GSEs and their antibacterial potential. The obtained results show that the studied GSEs have good potential as antioxidant and antimicrobial agents.

Simultaneous enumeration of CD34+ and CD45+ cells using EasyCounter image cytometer.

Accurate counting of CD34-positive cells is important for successful hematopoietic stem cell transplantation that is applied to various diseases. The aim of this study was simultaneous counting of viable CD34+ (vCD34+) and CD45+ (vCD45+) cells in apheresis samples by automatic immunofluorescence counter - EasyCounter BC. CD34+ and CD45+ cells were counted using two conjugates anti-CD34 antibody - dR110 and anti-CD45 antibody - ATTO620, respectively. The conjugates were prepared by carbodiimide method. Dead nuclear cells were counted by using monomethine cyanine dye PO-TEDM 1. The linearity and reproducibility of EasyCounter BC for CD34+ cell counting were determined (R2 = 0.99; CV values for vCD34+ cells were 6.8 ÷ 8.5% and for vCD45+ cells 4.1 ÷ 7.2%). The obtained results by EasyCounter BC were compared with those by other two standard methods - flow cytometry (Guava easyCyte 8HT) and fluorescence microscopic method (Olympus BX51) with the same conjugates. Passing-Bablok regression was performed to determine the relationship between the results of the three methods, analyzing 43 apheresis samples. Correlation coefficients for vCD45+ and vCD34+ between EasyCounter BC and Olympus microscope were 0.987 and 0.982, respectively (P < 0.0001). Better results were obtained between EasyCounter BC and flow cytometer Guava, 0.998 for vCD45+ and 0.998 for vCD34+ (P < 0.0001).

Neutrophil and CD4+ milk cell count related to natural incidence of mastitis in Jersey cattle.

This Research Communication describes the relation between somatic cells and microbial content in milk from Jersey cattle. Milk samples were classified in groups: healthy, dirty and mastitic (from Staphylococcus spp., Escherichia coli, Coliforms). The somatic cells in each of those groups were analysed by two methods - flow cytometric and automatic fluorescent cell counting. Those methods were compared. Total somatic cell count (SCC), neutrophil count, and lymphocytes with cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4+cells) were determined. There was a positive relationship between microbes and somatic cells. It was noticed that the neutrophil count was generally increased together with SCC, whilst the CD4+ cell count was higher in healthy milk samples (about 8%) compared to mastitic ones (about 3%). Lower number of CD4+ cells (from 1 to 4%) was determined in samples positive for Staphylococcus spp. but with lower SCC (from 2.7 to 4.0 × 105 cells/ml). Also, the number of CD4+ cells in Staphylococcus spp.-positive samples increased (to 4.8%) together with higher SCC, something that was not observed in the other mastitic samples. Knowledge of those relations could be useful for veterinary medical tests in the initial phase of inflammation.

The relationship of bovine milk somatic cell count to neutrophil level in samples of cow's milk assessed by an automatic cell counter.

This research communication describes the application of a fluorescent automatic cell counter Lactoscan SCC for simultaneous determination of somatic cell count and neutrophils in bovine milk. The obtained results were compared with results obtained by a flow cytometer and a light microscope. The Pearson correlations between the methods were calculated. A comparison between the main characteristics of the three kinds of analysis was made - the assay duration and the intra-assay precision. A relation between the SCC and neutrophil cells was observed in 55 milk samples. The obtained results confirm that the simultaneous determination of SCC and neutrophil analysis are necessary and support the early diagnosis of mastitis, the timely treatment of the animal and the avoidance of major economic losses.